Sun Tzu Emphasizes the Importance of Intelligence, Surprise, and Essay

Sun Tzu Emphasizes the Importance of Intelligence, Surprise, and Deception - Essay Example This paper is a similar investigation of utilization of insight, shock and trickiness inside the Iraq and United States military during the period somewhere in the range of 1990 and 1998. Prior to exploring on the utilization of knowledge, shock and misleading in the two nations, it is imperative to question the significance of the three terms in military tasks. Knowledge bolster assumes a basic job in deciding the accomplishment of military activity. As indicated by Pace, military knowledge â€Å"provides vital bits of knowledge with respect to delicate open doors that could be misused by the military to defeat the focused on enemy† (12). Insight empowers military leaders to obviously indentify the expected end state and build up when the end condition of a specific activity is accomplished (Pace, 12). Pace contends that representation of the fight space is one the most significant job of insight to the military. Envisioning the fight space incorporates having the realities a bout the physical and synthetic establishments in the regions of military activity. Also, envisioning requires the information about the most present data about the exercises of the foe powers in that specific space and the future capability of the enemy to work in the district of military intrigue (14). As indicated by Handel (60), assortment of exact military knowledge requires an inside and out comprehension of the adversary, particularly the goals that inspire their activities in the front line (Sharp, 17). Building up the targets of the foe in war is probably the best test of gathering military insight. These difficulties are brought about by challenges in deciding and foreseeing activities and reaction between the foe and the hostile power once the way toward setting up the aim is started. As a rule, very much planned activities from the joint powers trigger a response from the foe and this could endanger the whole activity rashly. Betts (83) contends that deciding the degree of response from the adversary requires ownership of exact and convenient insight that would empower the officers to decide and design future well disposed activities to separate the expectations of the foe without raising undue doubt. Ownership of proper insight empowers the power commandants to consider various variables that influence the activity straightforwardly or by implication before settling on the activity for building up the aims of the foe. As per Pace, insight assumes a significant job in the three phases of military tasks which incorporate during harmony, war and during different activities that don't include war (36). During peacetime, knowledge helps leaders in buying applicable supplies, shield and ensure their innovative machines and organizing their associations to improve proficiency. Also, times of harmony furnish military administrators with chances of structuring proper preparing regimens for the soldiers and other servicemen. In addition, insight offices scr een remote nations and associations with targets of setting up expected dangers during peacetime (Pace, 38-40). During military activities other than war knowledge is useful to military administrators since it empowers them to settle on appropriate choices on which powers to send at a specific future period, how and where to convey, in a

Coco Chanel Essay

Coco Chanel Coco Chanel was one of the most unmistakable style fashioners of the twentieth century. Her commitment in the advancement of style can barely be thought little of. Truth be told, she changed style as it were, since she was one of the primary design planners who made ladies consider themselves first instead of think what they look like for their men, which was a customary view on female style at the age. In reality, the importance and her extraordinary commitment in the improvement of design just as twentieth century culture everywhere was set apart by her counterparts just as present day experts. For example, she was the main individual in the field of style configuration to be named on TME Magazine’s 100 Most Influential People of the twentieth Century (Charles-Roux, 145). In such a manner, she increased an open endorsement and notoriety which made her name one of the most unmistakable in the style world. Simultaneously, her life was very troublesome, particularly during her initial years and war timespans. Truth be told, she saw two universal wars however she continued working paying little mind to all the issues and difficulties she looked in her life. Truth be told, her work was her actual energy she stayed gave to from her initial life until the end. Gabrielle Bonheur â€Å"Coco† Chanel was conceived on August 19, 1883. She was a second little girl of voyaging sales rep Albert Chanel and Jeanne Devolle in a little city of Saumur, France (Orecklin, 49). Truth be told, her family was poor and she was brought up in neediness stricken neighborhood alongside her five kin. Amazingly, when she got her introduction to the world authentication her name incorrectly spelled â€Å"Chasnel† in light of the fact that no one realized how to spell Chanel accurately. Accordingly, the chairman of the city needed to extemporize and included the letter â€Å"S† in her name, which later turned into a significant issue for her biographers, who couldn't follow her source and characterize genealogical tree as a result of such a blunder in her name (Orecklin, 51). Notwithstanding, the incorrect spelling of her name was unquestionably not the greatest hardship that happened to her in her initial life. She lived in destitution and was essentially of a chance to get decent instruction. Also, when she was twelve, her mom kicked the bucket of tuberculosis that incited a genuine mental injury for the youngster. Simultaneously, her dad couldn't remain with the kids constantly. He needed to work to win for living and to keep up the family, in which he was the main provider. This is the reason Coco Chanel was sent to the halfway house of the Catholic religious community of Aubazine, where she went through seven years and where she got her fundamental instruction. Truth be told, it is in the cloister she took in the exchange of needle worker. In any case, she didn't invest all the energy in the religious community. During the excursions she went to her family members in a commonplace city, where her female family members trained her to sew with more thrive than the nuns in the religious community had the option to illustrate. In such a manner, her advantage, her energy to configuration had begun to create since her adolescence as she figured out how to sew and steadily she turned out to be skilful in this field. Now, it ought to be said that she was evidently a talented individual since she figured out how to build up her aptitudes and capacities to the degree that she became capable not exclusively to make customary wear, however she end up being ready to investigation and find new, unique arrangements, which were bizarre for her time (Dwight, 119). Be that as it may, at the early began to exhibit her ability, which however was youthful at the age. In any case, her expert information, to a noteworthy degree, characterized her further life, as her first occupation was the work at a nearby tailor, where she was utilized at eighteen years old as she left the shelter. Actually, it was her initial phase in her expert vocation immaterial it is by all accounts, yet at the same time it was significant as to her future expert profession since she could have scarcely locate an alternate work. Additionally, it was the main work where she could understand her maximum capacity and actualize her innovative thoughts while growing new wear. Simultaneously, it ought to be said that she was unable to bear the cost of working at a tailor for quite a while in light of the fact that she expected to understand her thoughts and she needed to make garments of her own. Be that as it may, she could barely go into business, on the off chance that she had neglected to meet Etienne Balsan at the tailor’s shop where Coco Chanel worked. Truth be told, it was an incidental experience which however grew out of into a relationship which opened Chanel the route to another, unique and better life. Etienne Balsan was rich and very compelling. It is during her existence with Balsan, Coco Chanel began to configuration caps. From the outset, it was only a side interest which progressively changed into a genuine enthusiasm for planning new dress things, particularly caps, where she developed increasingly dexterous. Her initial works were portrayed by high creativity since they were very not quite the same as customary caps. Simultaneously, the high caliber of her items pulled in a great deal of clients, while her associate with Balsan permitted her to draw in clients speaking to the privileged of the French society (Charles-Roux, 210). By the by, her relationship with Balsan neglected to develop into a genuine affection. At any rate, their connections didn't keep going for a significant stretch of time and Coco Chanel left Balsan, moved to Paris and assumed control over his loft in the French capital. In 1913, she opened her first shop, where she sold popular waterproof shells and coats. Strikingly, the innovation and nature of her wear added to the colossal accomplishment of her shop which permitted her to keep up moderately elevated expectations of life and she turned out to be exceptionally mainstream in Paris, which, at the age, was one of the world’s focuses of the design business. Be that as it may, the improvement of her business in Paris was dominated by the episode of World War I, which began in 1914 and influenced the life of the whole nation drastically (Charles-Roux, 219). By the by, Coco Chanel had never quit working and kept structuring new items which despite everything stayed well known and the interest for her wear was generally high. In any case, she needed to stop her business in Paris since she was denied of every one of her properties. By the by, Coco Chanel was not disheartened and carried on her expert work and planning turned into a basic piece of her life. Then again, she could live with her thoughts as it were. She required cash to acquire to look after living. In such manner, the help of Balsan’s companion, Arthur â€Å"Boy† Capel end up being useful for Coco Chanel. Their companionship developed into a relationship which made them close and Capel helped Coco Chanel to open another shop in Brittany, France, which, comparatively to the shop in Paris, turned out to be mainstream among nearby clients (Weber, 35). It merits referencing the way that observed French entertainers purchase wear in Chanels’ shop which was significant for the limited time crusade of her shop. Truth be told, the enthusiasm of VIPs to her shop added to the developing prevalence of her items and her plan in France that added to her expert acknowledgment, while the prominence permitted her to extend her business consistently. Because of her notoriety, she figured out how to present new women’s sportswear at her new boutique in Deauville. In such a manner, she could grow her business, in any case, what was considerably increasingly significant, Coco Chanel changed the way of thinking of women’s wear. To put it all the more unequivocally, her new plan and new wear made ladies sure of the way that they should dress for themselves however not for their men. Truth be told, it was a progressive way of thinking for France just as the whole world at the age of World War I, when the ominance of men was unchallengeable, while the advancement of women's liberation was as yet unimportant (Charles-Roux, 248). By the by, the structure and new way of thinking of Chanel created a noteworthy effect on the improvement of style and the twentieth century culture on the loose. Strikingly, as Coco Chanel developed increasingly more mainstream she endeavored to change a few realities from quite a while ago. For ex ample, she claimed to be conceived in 1893, rather than 1883, while she demanded that she lost her mom at six years old, rather than twelve. In such a manner, she made a sort of shocking picture of a vagrant young lady, who figured out how to make an enormous progress due her ability and difficult work. Simultaneously, such controls with her past evoked various contentions which were inconceivable for her biographers. This is the reason a few subtleties of her life story are still very questionable and muddled. The 1920s were the age of the quick advancement of Coco Chanel as a planner and her business grew effectively. Her plan was extremely remarkable and her wear was exceptionally mainstream in France just as in different nations. In this regard, it merits referencing the way that her colleague with Vera Bate Lombardi, a little girl of Adolphus Cambridge, first Marquess of Cambridge and Duke of Teck, was the fate of a central significance for Chanel’s realm. Actually, Vera Lombardi became Chanel’s dream and advertising contact to various European regal families, including the British illustrious family. Her colleague with delegates of imperial families and high societies added to her realm development in power. Accordingly, before World War II, Chanel’s was one of the most persuasive planners in Europe just as the world, since Europe, particularly Paris, where Coco Chanel lived in the Hotel Ritz Paris, was the core of the world’s style structure (Barringer, 28). Be that as it may, World War II constrained Coco Chanel to stop her work and business. In any case, she stayed in Paris in any event, during the German occupation. This period in her life was presumably the most disputable on the grounds that, after the war, she was more than once blamed for collaborationism. For example, she was suspected

Darrow, Clarence Seward

Darrow, Clarence Seward Darrow, Clarence Seward, 1857â€"1938, American lawyer, b. Kinsman, Ohio. He first practiced law in Ashtabula, Ohio. In 1887 he moved to Chicago, where he was corporation counsel for several years and conducted the cases that the city brought to reduce transit rates. Later general counsel for the Chicago and Northwestern RR, he resigned (1894) to defend Eugene V. Debs and others in connection with the Pullman strike. It was this case that made Darrow famous. The defense was unsuccessful, but he soon renounced his lucrative practice to defend the underdog. During his long career, he took part in some 2,000 trials and was paid nothing for about a third of them. A staunch opponent of capital punishment, Darrow exerted his tremendous courtroom skill in behalf of those charged with murder; none of his more than 100 murder trial clients was sentenced to death, although he failed to win a reprieve (1894) for Robert Prendergast, who had already been convicted of murdering Chicago Mayor Ca rter Harrison before Darrow took his case. Darrow procured, in 1906, the acquittal of William D. Haywood and his associates on the charge of murdering former Gov. Steunenberg of Idaho. He offended many socialists (with whom he had been popularly identified) by introducing a plea of guilty in his defense of the McNamara brothers in the Los Angeles Times dynamiting case (1911). Darrow was himself tried for allegedly bribing a juror in the trial, but he was acquitted. In the Chicago thrill kidnapping and murder trial (1924) of Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb (see Leopold and Loeb ) he saved the defendants from execution. Long an agnostic, Darrow fought fundamentalist religious tenets in the Scopes evolution case (1925; see Scopes trial ). Pitted against William Jennings Bryan , he defended without success a schoolteacher charged with violating a Tennessee statute prohibiting teaching that humans are descended from other forms of life. Many felt, nevertheless, that Darrow's e xamination of Bryan on the witness stand did much to discredit fundamentalist interpretation of the Bible. Among Darrow's books are an autobiographical novel, Farmington (1904); Crime: Its Cause and Treatment (1922); and Attorney for the Damned (1957), a collection of his defense summations, ed. by A. Weinberg. See his autobiography (1932); The Essential Words and Writings of Clarence Darrow (2007), ed. by E. J. Larson; biographies by I. Stone (1941, repr. 1971), M. Gurko (1965), J. E. Driemen (1992), R. J. Jensen (1992), J. A. Farrell (2011), and A. E. Kersten (2011); D. McRae, The Great Trials of Clarence Darrow (2010). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Rebellion In The Handmaids Tale - 1344 Words

In â€Å"The Handmaid s Tale† by Margaret Atwood, there is the addressing of freedom, abuse of power, feminism, rebellion and sexuality. The audience is transported to a disparate time where things normalized in our current society are almost indistinguishable. Atwood uses each character carefully to display the set of theme of rebellion within the writing, really giving the reader a taste of what the environment is like by explaining detailed interactions, and consequences as well as their role in society. Moira is first introduced as one of the most influential, rebellious characters, almost instantly does she become the epitome of insubordination. Before Gilead was established Moira generally wasn’t your â€Å"Poster Child† for a becoming young†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"It was Moira’s idea†, Offred’s reasoning for throwing â€Å"water bombs† on the men trying to climb up for the â€Å"Under-whore† celebration. (Atwood 58) As Offred tells of her experiences that lead her up to her development, Moira’s rebellious attitude entices her. Offred makes a habit of visiting the bathroom, not to use it but to communicate with Moira. Moira is slowly luring Offred to break the rules, trying to turn Offred from being a submissive woman to a woman who ll stand up for what she believes in. Still, Offred tries to persuade Moira to follow the rules instituted by Gilead for her own benefit more than Moira’s. When Moira decides to fake an illness, Offred advises against it, only for her safety. â€Å"I couldn’t stand the thought of her not being here, with me. For me† Offred knows that without Moira remaining in the centre with her she could not be as strong in herself as she would had Moira decided to stay. (Atwood 89) Without having Moira there with her Offred begins to become slightly more rebellious. Knowing the Handmaids are not allowed to discuss each other, Offred pursues to ask Aunt Lydia if she knows where Moira is. Through this action does Offred also start to look into the rebellious attitudes of her mother. Offred recalls an outfit she wore, similar to Unwomen, (before Gilead), that allows her to truly recognize her mother’s beauty regardlessShow MoreRelatedThe Handmaids Tale And The Crucible1695 Words   |  7 PagesResistance Futile? What do The Handmaid’s Tale and The Crucible suggest about the nature of resisting and rebelling against social order? Margaret Atwood’s, The Handmaid’s Tale, and Arthur Miller’s ,The Crucible, explore the consequences surrounding the nature of resisting and rebelling against social order. Resistance the refusal to accept or comply with something or to actively and passively fight against something. Atwood’s new government of Gilead in The Handmaid’s Tale enforces unthinkable oppressionRead MoreThemes in Literature991 Words   |  4 PagesOften in literature there are common themes that occur throughout eras and genres to link two otherwise different pieces of writing. One particular example of this occurrance can be seen in Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale and William Shakespeare’s The Taming of the Shrew. Although these works have been written in very different time periods and use separate styles, there are two themes which link both stories and convey a very similar message. Strict societal roles and the treatment of womenRead MoreEssa y on The Dystopia in Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale1098 Words   |  5 PagesThe Dystopia in Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale Offred is a Handmaid in what used to be the United States, now the theocratic Republic of Gilead. In order to create Gileads idea of a more perfect society, they have reverted to taking the Book of Genesis at its word. Women no longer have any privileges; they cannot work, have their own bank accounts, or own anything. The also are not allowed to read or even chose who they want to marry. Women are taught that they should be subservientRead MoreObserving the Similarities and Differences between Handmaids Tale and Gattaca1127 Words   |  4 Pageswhile also foreshadowing the consequences of those issues if left unresolved. Both Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale, and the movie Gattaca reflect dystopian societies in their approach to human reproduction and social class. The illusion of utopia and dehumanization of individuals are present through both societies’ dependence on an elite group of males. Handmaid’s Tale and Gattaca, while sharing similarities between dystopian themes, challenge reproduction from two greatly opposingRead More Essay on A Society of Oppression in A Handmaids Tale745 Words   |  3 PagesA Society of Oppression in A Handmaids Tale      Ã‚   As the saying goes, history repeats itself. If one of the goals of Margaret Atwood was to prove this particular point, she certainly succeeded in her novel A Handmaids Tale. In her Note to the Reader, she writes, The thing to remember is that there is nothing new about the society depicted in The Handmaidens Tale except the time and place. All of the things I have written about ...have been done before, more than once... (316). AtwoodRead MoreThe Handmaids Tale Gender Inequality Essay1067 Words   |  5 PagesThe Handmaid’s Tale and Women in Modern Day Society Picture being in a world where women no longer have the freedom to purchase items, instead all of their money can be found in their husband’s account. This is the life of the Handmaids; their lives reflect those of slaves because they can’t go anywhere alone, have no money of their own, and live in constant fear of being sent to the Colonies. Small parts of gender equality can be seen in today’s society. The overall theme of The Handmaid’s TaleRead MoreRelationships and Religion in The Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwood614 Words   |  3 PagesIn the novel The Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwood the themes of Religion and inter-human relationships are the themes that are most evident in the text. This novel shows the possibility of the existence of an all-powerful governing system. This is portrayed through the lack of freedom for women in society, from being revoked of their right to own any money or property, to being stripped of their given names and acq uiring names such as Offred and Ofglen, symbolizing women’s dependant existence, onlyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Handmaid s Tale 1031 Words   |  5 Pagescase of The Handmaid’s Tale, that this quote is relatable would be an understatement. The Handmaid’s Tale portrays a society that is colonized by a Republic that ironically coalesces two extremist ideologies: the Puritanical right that denotes women proper place in the culture – parallel to a horde of extremist countries – as the property of men, and the feminist groups that challenge against the objectification of women and their bodies under the grasp of patriarchy. The Handmaid’s Tale is a representationRead MoreMargaret Atwood s The Handmaid s Tale Essay1624 Words   |  7 Pagesautonomy has been impaired by sexual control and dominance. By painting dystopian societies that heavily restrict reproduction and sexuality, Margaret Atwood’s novel The Handmaid’s Tale, her poem A Woman’s Issue, and George Orwell’s 1984 all convey that sexual repression undermines individual identity and autonomy. In The Handmaid’s Tale, Atwood uses her description of the Ceremony to emphasize how Gileadean society controls sex in order to manipulate its citizens and force the women of Gilead into passivityRead MorePower Struggle In The Handmaids Tale By Margaret Atwood1373 Words   |  6 PagesRenowned playwright William Shakespeare, and contemporary novelist Margaret Atwood both explore power struggle from a feminist perspective. Shakespeare in ‘King Lear’ and Atwood in ‘The Handmaid’s Tale’ explore varying power struggles and their correlation to gender through their respective texts. Shakespeare and Atwood use the genders of their central characters to focus on power in historical and dystopian settings. Both authors explore religious frameworks, the types of power in a patriarchal

The Origin Of Speciesism By Peter Singer - 1025 Words

Racism is the discrimination of one other due to their racial origin, usually involving the idea of inferiority. Specicism, is considered to be carrying a bias nature to the species to which one belongs. [Lafollette, Hugh and Shanks, Niall (1996). The Origin of Speciesism] Singer draws parallels between specicism and racism through comparing the grounds on which whose interests and suffering takes precedence. Singer believes that discarding the moral status of animal concerns in their exploitation as they are not of our species and therefore insignificant, mimics that of the prejudice of white slave owners against discarding the moral status of the interests and suffering of their African Slaves [Peter Singer Practical Ethics, 2nd edition]. Speciests, give greater weight to the interests of members of their own species when there is clash of interests and concerns, similarly, racists give greater weight to the interest of members of their own race when there is a clash of interest or concern. [Peter Singer Practical Ethics, 2nd edition] Given the principle of equal consideration of interest (the moral principle stating that when calculating the rightness and morality of an action, all affected interests should be included and weighed equally) ; it follows that equal moral concern is raised when a human of any race is suffering, so therefore, it also follows that equal moral concern should also be raised when a human or non human animal is suffering. [Peter Singer PracticalShow MoreRelatedThe History and Purpose of The Animal Rights Movement Essay945 Words   |  4 Pagesto think to some extent and are certainly able to feel pain therefore non-human animals should be accorded rights. According to Peter Singer, professor of philosophy and director at Monash University, Melbourne, Australia and best known for his book Animal Liberation, he says â€Å"‘When humans fail to measure the capacity of animals to suffer, they become guilty of ‘speciesism,â⠂¬â„¢ an injustice parallel to racism and sexism (Animal Rights Opposing Viewpoints, 1996).’† This fact is not to say that all animalsRead MoreThrowing Emotions On The Dogs1679 Words   |  7 Pagesmost laymen refuse to recognize the correlation. People like to believe that their feelings are internally complicated experiences that are unique to their person. However, when the topic is viewed in this light, the realistic concept of emotional origin is lost. â€Å"American behaviorism tried to explain all behavior based on operant conditioning and hence had no room for unlearned predispositions† (de Waal 191). He goes on to discuss that, â€Å"despite the frequent assertion that animal emotions hardlyRead MoreAnimal Cruelty And Its Effects On Society2121 Words   |  9 Pages For centuries, philosophers have debated the existence (or non-existence) of moral obligations to non-human animals. In this essay, I will draw upon the work of Kant, Machan, Norcross, and Singer to argue that animals do, in fact, deserve moral consideration. I will then explain why these obligations should lead consumers (whose circumstances deem the consumption of animal products unnecessary) to abstain from the purchase of products that cause harm to animals. These products include, but are not

Vacant Chapter 13 Forgive Free Essays

So far I’ve cleaned the bathroom, the oven, the refrigerator and vacuumed – twice. It’s after nine and Emily still hasn’t shown up. I’m starting to think that her things are simply a mirage, or maybe she just didn’t want to carry a lot of junk with her. We will write a custom essay sample on Vacant Chapter 13 Forgive or any similar topic only for you Order Now Maybe she’s staying with one of her school friends, and she didn’t need her hygiene stuff. Maybe my earlier thought about what she would need to do for money wasn’t that far off the mark. Maybe she’s out doing something dangerous, or worse yet, something has already happened to her. There’s no one but me to know she’s missing. How long do I have to wait before I turn her in as a missing person? I know she has to be missing for at least twenty-four hours, but maybe she’s already been gone for a couple days. Oh, God – what if she’s hurt and lying somewhere. Maybe she only has minutes left and I can’t get to her in time†¦ â€Å"Ow!† I hit my head on the bottom shelf of the linen closet, cleaning the dried and caked shampoo from the floor when the sound of the door closing startles me. â€Å"Emily?† I hope it’s her. If it’s not, I’m going to call the cops and lie and tell them she’s been missing for days. I hear the slapping of tennis shoes against the linoleum, then a thud on the carpet. I turn and look down the hall to see a brown-haired beauty face down on the floor. â€Å"Emily? Are you okay?† I almost – almost – laugh when she looks up at me with her hair tangled in her face. â€Å"Ethan, it’s you! It’s really you!† She scrambles the rest of the way to me on her knees, spitting her hair out of her mouth and hugging me tighter than I can ever remember. Her smile is brighter than a sunny day at the equator. We settle on the couch, still holding on to each other. I can’t seem to let go. I never want to let go. â€Å"Where have you been?† There doesn’t seem to be any anger in her tone. How could she NOT be angry with me? I’m ashamed at my answer. â€Å"I drove. I didn’t really go anywhere. I was just running away, Emily.† I hang my head, embarrassed that I don’t even have a good reason for leaving her. â€Å"I know it won’t make any difference now because you probably hate me, but I love you too, Emily. I have since†¦forever, and I’m sorry I waited so long to tell you. I should have said it to you a week ago instead of running away like the coward I am. But, I can’t hold back any longer without you knowing how I feel about you. I’ve never been in love before, but I’m pretty sure this is what it feels like. I can’t think about anything else but you – how you laugh, the way you comb your hair, the way you smell right after the shower†¦ God!† Something stops my rambling, something soft, warm and moist. Emily’s lips are on mine and her arms are wrapped around my neck. She’s kissing me, and I don’t ever want her to stop. Her mouth on mine is awesome! And I think about other things I want her to do with her mouth. While there are a hundred synonyms for how kissing Emily feels, the only thing in my head the at the moment is â€Å"woo-hoo†. If I really think about what is actually happening, I’ll make her stop. This is wrong – not the kissing part, but the part where she’s willing to forgive all my sins and just take me back without a second thought. Now that I’m thinking about it†¦ Damn it! Now I’m mad. I pull away while her lips linger. â€Å"Emily,† I sigh, not really knowing where to start. â€Å"We have to talk about this,† I motion between us. She nods begrudgingly. It’s written all over her face; she thinks I’m going to reject her again. â€Å"Look,† I pull her chin up so her eyes meet mine, â€Å"nothing will change my feelings for you. They haven’t changed in the last few years, and they won’t change in the next few, either. What I have to know, though, is how you are feeling.† She starts shaking her head, telling me not to worry, but that’s precisely the problem. She should be angry with me. â€Å"Emily, you should be upset with me. Yell, scream, hit – anything to let me know how you feel!† I’m almost shouting near the end of my declaration. I pull back and get myself in check before I completely lose it. â€Å"Relieved.† â€Å"What?† It’s a stupid question because I heard perfectly well what she said. It’s a stall tactic on my part. â€Å"I’m relieved, Ethan.† â€Å"Why aren’t you-â€Å" â€Å"Do you know how many people there have been in my life who I cared about or who cared about me?† I’m pretty sure I know the answer. I’m hoping it’s two, but know for sure it’s one – her mother – but I’m always careful not to bring up LouAnne. I just squeeze her hand, which I’m still holding onto like the piece of wood Leonardo DiCaprio was holding onto after his exit from the Titanic. â€Å"Two, Ethan. Two.† Now I’m relieved. â€Å"And one of them can’t ever come back, but you did. You came back and I don’t care where you went or what you did. You are here now, safe.† The tremble in her voice as she says, â€Å"what you did,† tells me she’s a little scared of what – or who – I might have done, so I hope I’m about to put her fears to rest. â€Å"I just drove and slept in my car. I ate a few times, but honestly, Emily, the only thing I did was think about you and how much you mean to me. I was an asshole for leaving you. I didn’t take your safety or well-being into account and for that, I’m sorry. You should be upset with me.† â€Å"I was scared, Ethan. At first, I thought maybe you were just blowing off some steam, off figuring out a way to tell me to leave, but when you didn’t come home that first night or the next morning, I started to get worried. Then Margie came by and said you hadn’t shown up for work.† So, this is how Margie knows about Emily. â€Å"I wasn’t really sure how much she knew, but I could tell she was surprised to find me here. She was so nice though. I told her how highly you speak of her and how much we appreciated the deal she and her husband gave on the car. Then I lost myself for a little bit and told her about you surprising me and taking me to graduation.† Emily pauses and smiles, then looks down as if she’s a little embarrassed. â€Å"It was nice to have a woman to talk to again. It reminded me a little of my mom.† Emily continues to tell me about Margie coming to the house. She said she cried for a little bit because she didn’t know what to do, that she’d been relying on me for so long. She didn’t know what she would do if I didn’t come home. She also tells me how Margie asked her about a job and what she liked to do. It seems they went to the public library and Emily applied for a position. She can work there part-time and still go to school. Apparently, she works until closing and that’s why she came home so late. Margie also got her a bus pass and rode with her the first time to make sure it was safe. There isn’t a bouquet of flowers big enough for Margie right now. How to cite Vacant Chapter 13 Forgive, Essay examples

VERSAILLES, PALACE OF. About 13 Miles (21 Kilometers) Southwest Of Par

VERSAILLES, PALACE OF. About 13 miles (21 kilometers) southwest of Paris, in the city of Versailles, stands the largest palace in France. It was built because of the consuming envy of King Louis XIV, and once completed it became the object of envy of every other monarch in Europe. The Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, Sch?nbrunn in Vienna, and Herrenchiemsee in Bavaria are only three of the royal palaces built in imitation of the Palace of Versailles. Versailles itself served as a royal residence for a little more than a century--from 1682 until 1789, when the French Revolution began. On Aug. 17, 1661, the French superintendent of finances, Nicolas Fouquet, presided over a large celebration in honor of Louis XIV. The festivities took place at Fouquet's magnificent newly completed ch?teau, Vaux-le-Vicomte. When Louis saw this palace he was outraged that one of his ministers should have such a home, while he did not. He had Fouquet thrown into prison and hired the men who had designed and built the palace to do the same for him at Versailles. Versailles was not even a town when the king's predecessor, Louis XIII, built a hunting lodge there in 1624. This small structure became the base on which was constructed one of the most costly and extravagant buildings in the world. It was meant to be a home for Louis XIV, known as the Sun King, who boasted of himself, "I am the state." The men in charge of the project were Louis Le Vau, architect; Charles Le Brun, painter and decorator; and Andr? Le N?tre, landscape architect. About 37,000 acres (15,000 hectares) of land were cleared to make room for tree-lined terraces and walks and thousands of flowering plants. In the center the cross-shaped Grand Canal was laid out. It was 1,737 yards (1,588 meters) long and 67 yards (61 meters) wide. There were 1,400 fountains and 400 pieces of new sculpture. The beginnings of the palace in 1669 were fairly humble compared to the finished structure. The architect Le Vau enclosed the hunting lodge and gave it the appearance of a small palace. In 1676 another architect, Jules Hardouin-Mansart, was put in charge of redesigning and enlarging the building. Starting with Le Vau's plans, Hardouin-Mansart added a second story and built the magnificent Hall of Mirrors and the north and south wings. Hardouin-Mansart's facade, facing the garden, was 1,903 feet (580 meters) long. Construction of the palace went on through the next century. More than 36,000 workers were involved in the project, and when the building was completed it could accommodate up to 5,000 people, including servants. About 14,000 soldiers and servants were quartered in annexes and in the town. Other structures on the palace grounds include the Grand Trianon, Petit (Small) Trianon, and the Carriage Museum. The Grand Trianon is a small ch?teau built by Hardouin-Mansart in 1687-88 for Louis XIV. It is now used to house distinguished visitors to France. The Petit Trianon was built by architect Jacques-Ange Gabriel at the direction of Louis XV in 1766 for Madame Du Barry, the last of his famous mistresses. Under Louis XVI it became a favorite residence of his queen, Marie Antoinette. Near the Petit Trianon is the Hamlet, a small farm village constructed for Marie Antoinette. There she and other ladies of the court would occasionally pass time pretending they were peasant women. The Carriage Museum, near the Grand Trianon, contains a collection of state coaches. Today the Palace of Versailles is one of France's national monuments. The building is so large that only a small portion of it is open to the public. Many of the rooms are government offices. Visitors may tour the sections of the north and south wings closest to the center as well as the central section itself. The north wing contains, on two floors, the Gallery of History, with portraits of the kings and members of their courts. It also contains the chapel designed by Hardouin-Mansart but completed by Robert de Cotte in 1710. Farther on in the north wing is the opera, or theater, added between 1753 and 1770 by Gabriel. The most striking room in the central part of the palace is the

The Causes of the Civil War essays

The Causes of the Civil War essays The American Civil War was the bloodiest conflict ever fought in United States history. It killed more Americans than any other war added together not including Vietnam. Because the war was continental, every family was and possibly still continues to be divided over the causes and its lasting effects. The causes of the Civil War are extremely complex and debatable. They range from personal to political and moral to economic. However, the most debated issue of the entire conflict was the role and involvement of slavery. Dr. James Oliver Horton, a professor of American Studies and History at George Washington University, felt that slavery, ...was not the only cause, or the only important cause, but it was the central cause. If you take slavery out of the equation, you dont have a Civil War with the sides involved as they were (Brechbill). While the tariffs, taxation policies, and states rights were factors, the Confederate Soldiers fought for honor and for the Southern way of life (Brechbill). Some still argue that slavery was not an issue because it was avoided for the entire first year of the war. However, others felt it was a major issue because it was the nail in the coffin for those who wanted to keep the Union preserved. During the 1800s, the United States was passionate about expanding their country from the coast of the Atlantic to the coast of the Pacific. To justify this need, they coined the phrase Manifest Destiny. This was a way of implying that fate and God would sanction the growth of their country. This was a way to justify taking the land of others under their control, such as the annexation of Texas. This lead to many conflicts, including the Mexican War (Websters Vol. 6 1609). The Mexican War added new territory into the equation with the question always being whether or not the land would become free or slave states. By the Missouri Compromise in ...

Sociology Coursework

Sociology Coursework Sociology Coursework When a student has to write a sociology coursework, it may happen there are no ideas to develop. This article is written with the hope to assist you with great sociology coursework writing from scratch. You may know what a good sociology coursework is, while our writers know how to write a great sociology coursework for you! Sociology Coursework Writing Tips Sociology is a science which deals with the relationships between people and different social groups. It discovers the position of every human being as a social link and defines people producing social stability and conformity. Sociologists learn the principles of the social being and the reactions, activities and relations between people. It is a science which can bring the humankind onto the new stage and give birth to the new branches of the concrete objects. Educational view on the problem can dispose the student facing global development and learning the platform for the education and help. So, in the sociology coursework a student is supposed to write about ties which connect the living beings into the families, groups or staying apart from the social sphere and being individual organism. Other courses can be taken into account and there are few of them such as psychology, philosophy and other sciences. Qualities of the systemic management can be described as follows: adaptability to the factors of society organizing, conformity of all links in the society, reliability of the lower social layers to the higher ones, step-by-step movement to the new stages and relations which can bring the society onto the new level. The sociology coursework can count the learning as the practical experience using process of the discovering different cultures, religions and traditions to understand the real nature of the perspective on things. The social sphere can be discussed in the good sociology coursework and personal view and ideals can be recognized during individual writing style: A student should show the accurate level of proficiency and competency while learning and describing the social laws, as the theory must side the personal experience and the shape, which the person gives to the ideas and notions of the social sphere, should be under influence of such factors as culture and personal views. A well-grounded sociology coursework must present the ideas which can be contributed to the rich level of identity and personality. Characteristics of Sociology Coursework Cultures can be interconnected by the differentiating and finding similarities in the thoughts, ideas and other facts of the social identity; The knowledge has bases which are deeply in the core of other studies. All the adjacent sciences should be regarded thoroughly; Impression of the good sociology coursework should enrich the beliefs and persons views. The system of the writing supposes the creating method and original approach to the issued topics. The functions of the sociology coursework should be considered and the basic norms of the writing should be followed for the important attitude to the educational process. If you have no time to write your sociology coursework and yet want to impress your teacher with professional writing, do not hesitate to order custom coursework writing help at our site and get professional assistance by experience coursework writers! Read also: College Essay Online Free College Admission Essays How To Write A College Application Essay Informative Essay Writing School Entry Essay

Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Democracy - Essay Example Mostly the leader is on a self-satisfaction role. Second, an oligarchy which is a form of rule whereby authority is vested to individuals of the same family on the grounds of economic or financial might. Under modern classification there exist a number of different types of regimes as suggested by Tilly (2007). These are: First dictatorship which is a regime under the principle, one country, one state, one ruler. A single individual has all the powers with no other individual or body to challenge his powers. There exists a single political party under such leadership. The merit of such leadership is that decision making process is fast because the stage of consulting is not there or is minimal. The disadvantage is the oppression of people’s opinions and misuse of power by the dictator. Dictatorship is mostly encouraged when there is obsequiousness by the public on a certain leader or ignorance on the part of the electorate on another form of leadership. The electorate should b e sensitized on different leadership styles and many parties should be given a platform for their formation so as to give the public diverse ideologies to choose from. Second, democracy is basically ruled by the people, by the people and for the people. The advantages of such rule are that priority is given to the needs of the people. Leaders are chosen by the people and work on their demands. Many political parties with divergent ideologies strengthen democracy whilst one party system weakens it. The existence of many political parties increases the cost of selling the party's ideology to the people and the election process. Federalism This is basically the principle of giving powers to diverse bodies and such like institutions. These bodies have the capacity to govern independently. The central government strictly deals with authority in security as well as alien policy though these bodies can have worldwide responsibilities. Federalism emerged due to the desire to avoid centraliz ed rule. The scholars associated with federalism pushed for autonomy and diversity in administration, policy making and resource use. They disagreed on the arrangement of having a single unit possessing all this authority. Federalism thus takes away excess powers from a single unit to avoid misuse and inefficiency and distributes it to other units. In most cases this encourages growth. Federalism should be more encouraged especially in states where power seems to be given to a single institution or ruler. Such a situation has made it very easy for there to be a misuse of authority or oppression of the minorities. One of the institutions that could be easily used to allocate powers to different institutions and check these powers is the judiciary. It translates according to the constitution what powers each and every body should posses thus promoting federalism. In most instances parliaments, if given too much power, discourages federalism. This is when it makes bills and without muc h consideration to what the public desires passes this bill into law. Equal Opportunity Equal opportunity means the scraping off of those legislations that would probably bring about discriminations. These might be in the political field, economic or social. In the past political undertakings were strictly reserved for men. They occupied policy-making offices as well as implementation and administration. Women never got the chance to have a say. In a society that has equal chance ideologies; several factors must be visible in the guidelines guiding such equal chance policy. First there must be the range into which policies made pertain to. Second the deeds to be explored must be laid out. Third ways of putting into operation the guidelines as well as those in charge Last

Description of economic crisis and discussion of outcomes Essay

Description of economic crisis and discussion of outcomes - Essay Example The mortgages taken by banks were financially engineered to create securities and trading was allowed on the same. Eventually, corporations from all over the world took exposure in such credit assets. On the maturity of their tenure, most of the customers failed to repay their loans. This was bound to happen, because these sub-prime customers never had the financial capability to finance their obligations. The banks sold off the mortgages to make up the losses suffered due to the non repayment of the loans taken by the customers. However, contrary to the earlier business forecasts prices of real estates decreased considerably. This translated into banks obligations, it meant that the companies who had an exposure in those toxic assets suffered huge losses, being unable to recover their investments as most of the mortgages were being traded in the form of securitized investment vehicles and collaterised debt (Credit crisis: More sub-prime bad news, November 6, 2007) Subsequently, the baneful effect of these transactions spread all over the world. The domino effects hit most of the developed countries financially. Consequently, investors got panic stricken and started withdrawing their investments from equities and other risk bearing investments. It led to a crash in the major stock indices globally. The pronounced effects of the crisis became evident due to the tightening of credit flow in the economy. A lack of capital halted the production activities and dampened the buying attitude among consumers all over the world. The credit crisis had spiraled into an insolvable puzzle due to the imbalance caused in the basic demand supply equations. All this have gripped the minds of global citizens with fear and apprehension of a pandemonium in their lives. The government of almost all the countries is acting in unison to combat the fear of the citizens. The credit crisis has built fear

Advantages and Disadvantages: Event Driven Process Chain

Advantages and Disadvantages: Event Driven Process Chain The reason to choose UML to create a model among the other choices is its simplicity and ease of use. The structure of the end model obtained using UML is easy to design. The given case on hospital procedures was simple to understand but when comes to addressing the problem with a model, its an entirely different story. This is because the given case consists of four core issues and each issue has to be addressed properly. We identified the actors use cases, functions and their attributes at the first place. The very next step was to interpret the identified elements into graphical units. These are pretty much the steps involved in designing the model using UML. The first constraint to arise was how to handle external actors while using use case diagrams. Next on the priority list was whether to implement the model using swim lanes or normal flow when it came down to activity diagram. With reference to the hospital case, the entity à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½general practitionerà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ which was suppose to be interpreted as function it was rather used as a external actor. Similarly the standard swim lanes which were to be used in accordance with activity diagram protocol were replaced by using the alternate normal flow diagram. The initial work of interpreting the given problem into workable modeling units was carried out. It was followed by dividing the complex issue into small modules so as to achieve better efficiency. The model is highly influenced by à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½modular programming approachà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. That approach helped us a lot in understanding the complex issue by dividing it into number of sub-issues and addresses them individually. These collections of smaller solutions ultimately added up to the consolidated solution. Reflection on the modeling process: (EPC) It was an entirely different approach from UML model. As far as we are concern, this model is an enhancement of a basic flow chart. This is because, the shapes, the flow and the structure the model is highly influenced by a flow chart. The model required extensive analysis to segregate the model units from the given case. It takes quite some time to get accustomed to new rules of modeling difficulty arises when we tried to give a base model for the entire case so as to give a skeleton approach. Adding to the complexity, the use of logical connectors and splitters was a tedious job. Modeling the various issues and the core processes posed a variety of problem during the early stages. For example usage of logical splitters and connectors was different from using other branching structures. And also the rules of using units like à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½eventsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½functionsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and the others was to be kept in memory prior to joining them with the other units. The structure of the model was a long one when compared with that of the previous model. Some portions of the problem given had to be modified, which in process gave away parts of the literal components. Adjustments and modifications were carefully tailored so as to meet the conditions and rules of how the model to be made. The work was to pick out units with reference to EPC such as events, functions and organizational units etc. we identified events from all the core issues which were to be followed by functions. In a similar fashion the other model units were sorted out. After that these individual units were integrated as according to the rules of EPC. The areas in which logical connectors were to be used were identified and the connectors were put into their place. This ensures proper structure and flow of process. Reflection on the modeling Language: (UML) This is because; the given case is simple but an elaborate one. Thus, a reader could easily identify the number of entities involved and their roles and still could progress through the entire model which is an elaborate one without losing the track of the process. How and when a reader could get confused with the different models depends on the knowledge of the user, that goes as a different topic altogether. But even an ordinary reader could spot the persons, the different processes and the flow of the model readily and easily. And also the UML diagram itself is quite easy to design which involves few graphical elements. Unlike other modeling languages, UML emphasizes on à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½use casesà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ which are in essence are nothing but notations of the essential activities results and the functions which constitutes to the entire process. It helps the user to easily get used to the protocols of using use cases and implement them. Since the actors and external actors are depicted against the use cases, its easy to connect the performers of the action and their sub sequent results. Complexity of producing a suitable model for business process is reduced to a greater extends. As far as the hospital case is concerned, UML is the most suitable modeling language to aid the user as well as analyst due to the above said reasons. This case produces four core processes starting from admission of patient till the discharge of patient, which involves quite a lot of actors and their functions which in turn produce the given results. One could easily interpret statement into the business model using UML by just using a handful of graphical units without any ambiguities. We say this so because, the four critical issues are addressed with the specific actions being transferred into particular use cases one after the other in a typical UML fashion. Each actor is connected to their actions and the directional connectors indicate the flow of action. For example: A nurse in this hospital performs the following actions like allotting bed, recording the admission time, conducting ward rounds, providing medical care and updating registers. It is evident from the above said reasons that the role of nurse involves quite a few activities and these activities are supposed to be recorded and depicted in business model to ensure complete data base of the events and their functions. Adding to these facts, one needs to know that these actions are not consecutive and happened in a sequence ware the activities performed by other actors coming in between them or preceding them or succeeding them. Only in UML we could connect the specific actions performed by distinct actors without getting entangled in the collection of various other functional units. In a nut shell, a reader could grasp the flow of different actors and their functions at the same time in a single diagram. The only substantial drawback of UML is not able to implement logical flow and branching options i.e. in the given hospital case, there are instances were two parallel events occur where one cannot use UML modeling to depict the parallel events occur For example: A nurse provides medical and general care whereas in parallel another nurse prepares the necessary test forms and forwards them to the physician. Using UML we interpreted this problem statement in the following manner à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½provides medical careà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½prepares test formà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½; a reader could not understand whether these two processes occurred at the same time or at different instances. So these processes were placed one after the other and connected to a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½nurseà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. From the above example we can infer that UML does not aid plotting of parallel events. The key factor missing in UML is a lack of logical decision makers and branching functions example in discharging of patient, there is logical branching condition which needs to be satisfied, the condition is the patient is to be cured of diagnosis or else the entire treatment cycle has to be read. It is not possible in use case diagram as these two unique events need to be addressed as separate use cases rather than branched activities or events. Comparison of Languages: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Logical connections and decisions cannot be performed in UML use case models and it could be done in EPC. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ We have faced little difficulties while addressing parallel processes in use case diagram. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Structure and integration could be expressed more efficiently in EPC rather than UML. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Only in UML we could connect the specific actions performed by distinct actors without getting entangled to other functional units. Advantages of UML: UML is the popular approach of visualizing and documenting the software systems design. UML gives object oriented design concepts and ità ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s independent of specific programming language. UML is a popular and technique for documenting and modelling system. It ensures set of symbols to represent graphically the various components and relationships within the system and UML can be used for business process modelling and requirements modelling, it mainly uses to support object oriented system analysis and to develop the object models. Real time UML, this approach is the application of UML to design the real-time system. It emphasises the system with structural and behavioural language models and those designing modelling include the architectural mechanical and detailed design .Object oriented methodologies have employed in the construction of the real time system. The introduction of IT for hospital case is expected to be a major issue in re-designing the processes. Therefore, some of the functions will be speeded by developing suitable software and hardware artifacts. To do so, the business models should be seamlessly matched to software engineering models. As a standard, UML seems to be currently the best choice for expressing such models Disadvantages of UML: UML has still no structure and specification for modeling user interfaces. From our point view, the main disadvantage of this model is lack of formality. UML is used in a implementation process and we wish to use it for our stage of this process for consistency and to protect the user translating work into a innovative language. The other related reason is simply that if users are familiar with UML it may be worth keeping it, as a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½front endà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ to a formal language. Advantages of EPC: One of the main advantages of the EPC is that it is both powerful and easily understandable for end-users. EPCs are often used for capturing and discussing business processes with people who have never been trained in any kind of modelling technique. Although EPCs can be understood even by untrained personnel, the same models can be refined and used for the requirements definition of an information system. This is one of the reasons that both many end-user companies and many software vendors are using EPCs for business process modelling. The existing connections with traditional modelling methods (e.g. data models, such as the entity relationship- model) have been very useful for developing information systems for process-oriented organizations. Therefore many users have asked for a similar kind of connection between EPCs and UML diagrams. Comparison of process: ? UML is richer of concept than ARIS because of the presence of Stereotype, and this enables a higher view of modelling for specific cases. ? ARIS allows personalisation of the model as one concept is represented in many symbols.The software platform also allows integration of business and IS concepts. ? EPC method and UML have different scopes of business modelling. There is a need to use one language in both software and business fields. ? Logical connections and decisions cannot be performed in UML use case models and it could be done in EPC. ? We have faced little difficulties while addressing parallel processes in use case diagram. ? Structure and integration could be expressed more efficiently in EPC rather than UML. ? Only in UML we could connect the specific actions performed by distinct actors without getting entangled to other functional units. Reasons for choosing EPC: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The EPCs meet the requirements to put forward with respect to the ease of understanding by non-specialist in modelling. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ EPCs can offer a multi-level view of the process, since a function in an EPC could be explained in more detail by means of another EPC. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ EPCs give a consistent, formally supported process oriented language that can ensure simulation of the processes. Comparison between EPC and UML: When comparing the EPC and UML for modelling business processes, there are some aspects from which we can view the correspondences and differences between these two methods. The comparisons can be mainly grouped into three aspects: Context: This aspect covers in which context the EPC or UML are developed and used. Both diagrams can be used for modelling business processes, but both have different contexts under which they are developed. Ambiguity: In modelling business processes, it is possible that the EPC or UML diagrams that are created would be ambiguous. Examples of this are implicit decisions, possibility of having blocking, etc. Therefore it is necessary to take a look at the exactness or ambiguity of the diagrams constructed with EPC or UML Activity Diagram. Notation/Terminology: Both the EPC and UML activity diagrams have similar concepts à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ such as fork/join, branch/merge, atomic/extended activity, etc à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ but they are represented using different notation and terminology. Some notation does not have a counterpart in the other diagram. This indicates the semantic differences between them. Therefore we will compare both notations and terminologies to see the correspondence of symbols of one diagram in another diagram and the differences between them. Context Even though the EPC and UML Diagrams are used or can be used to denote business processes, they were developed in different contexts. This pragmatic difference comes from the different modelling approaches that drive the EPC and UML. There are two approaches to model a system. Process-oriented modelling: In process-oriented modelling, the main focus of modelling a system is the process inside the system. A process consists of sequences of events triggering activities. The events themselves are the results of other functions apart from initial events that trigger the whole process. By introducing logical operators, this event-driven control structure can be expanded to a complex control flow illustrating relevant decisions and potential for concurrency that happen in the process. This process-oriented modelling is the basis for the EPC, which found its way as a standard for modelling business processes of an enterprise. The basic EPC model can be extended by further semantic components to illustrate the elements participating in the process such as information objects and organization units. Object-oriented modelling: In object-oriented modelling, the main focus of modelling a system is the objects inside the system. A system is a bunch of objects that have relationships among them. These objects communicate each other by exchanging messages. An object is a discrete and differentiable entity in a system. Each object has properties and exchanges messages through operations. This object-oriented modelling is the basis for UML, which is mainly used in software development such as enterprise information system. Initially activity diagrams are targeted for modelling the dynamics of internal objectà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s actions. Because of its characteristics similar to flowcharts and its capability to visualize concurrent activities, they can be generalized to model operations, use case scenarios, workflows and business processes. Exactness: The formal description of EPC can be used to analyze the syntactical correctness of an EPC diagram. However in practice there are still some problems regarding the exact meaning of some elements in the EPC. The ambiguities arise from the analysis of how elements in an EPC diagram interact in a flow of process. Those ambiguities are: Conjunction of start events: An ambiguity concerning the modelling of start and end events occur in the EPC. It is obvious that nodes without input edges are the start events and similarly nodes without output edges are the end events. But the interpretation is left to the reader, which combination of start and end events he should see as admissible, that is, as seen in reality. The problem becomes obvious when there exists à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½events from the sideà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ meaning start events in the middle of the process which has been started some time before by the first start events. These usually represent communication with external entity. However this conjunction of start events is not explicitly modelled in EPC. Semantics of logical connectors: There are three logical connectors in EPC, that is, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½XORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ANDà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connectors. In chapter two we have already discussed how to connect these logical connectors to events and functions in the control flow. We know that because an event cannot be used to make decisions, an event cannot be followed by logical connectors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½XORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Nevertheless there is also an ambiguity in the semantic of logical connectors, especially in the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½XORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connectors. Consider the case in figure 4.1. In the case of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ANDà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector, the function F1 can only start when both events E1 and E2 occur. That is clear, the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ANDà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector serves to synchronize by waiting until both events have occurred. In the case of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½XORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector, the switching rule of the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½exclusive orà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector says that if either event E1 or event E2 occurs, the following function F1 can start. One question arises, what does the rule mean, when both events occur one after another, for example E1 occurs first then after some time E2 occurs? Can the function then run twice: The first time after the occurrence of the first event, and the second time after the occurrence of the second event? There are several interpretations for what the modeller wants to express, when he uses this connector: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ When both events occur at the same time, they block the following function, or à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Both events cannot occur at the same time, or à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ When the following function starts, then exactly one of both events must have occurred. For the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector, the following rule applies: when at least one of the events occurs, the following function can start; when both events occur at the same time, the function can only start once. A similar question arises for the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector as for the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½XORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ one à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ that is, whether the function runs once or twice. Again, there are several interpretations when the events occur one after another, but in the case of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector it is obvious that when both events have occurred the function is not blocked. E1 E2 E1 E2 E1 E2 AND XOR OR F1 F1 F1 Two events arriving at one connector Deadlocks and Loops: For simple EPC graphs it is easy to analyze whether the graphs work or not, but for complex graphs we need a tool to analyze them. It is possible that even when the graph is semantically correct according to the definition of EPC, still an analysis shows there can be deadlocks when executing the process according to the diagram. A deadlock means that in reality when the start events occur à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ thus the process runs à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ after some time the process is stuck somewhere in the graph unable to reach the end states. Possible causes of deadlocks are mismatches of logical connectors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ especially in complex graphs where connectors link to other connectors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and different interpretation of logical connectors. For an example an à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector can work either in à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½XORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ mode or in à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ANDà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ mode. If an opening à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector works in à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½XORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ mode but the closing à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector works in à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ANDà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ mode or the other way around, a deadlock would happen. This can be solved if the closing à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½knowsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ in advance in which mode the opening à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector works. Another possible problem discovered by graph analysis is looping. A loop may cause a process to run forever. This is usually not intended to occur in business processes. Notation/Terminology Since both EPC and UML Activity Diagram serve to visualize processes and workflows, both diagrams have similar notations for some common terminologies such as activities, branches and merges, forks and joins, etc. as well as some notational differences between them. These notational correspondences and differences will be discussed here and we will use the result of these notational comparisons for the translation from EPC to UML. The notational correspondences and differences of both diagrams can be categorized as follows: Functions and Activity/Action States: Both the functions in the EPC and activity/action states in UML Activity Diagrams are the active elements that represent what a person of an organization unit or an actor in a use case diagram do with respect to the process. Therefore it is clear that functions and activity/action states represent specific business tasks within a company. That means that they share the same role within their respective diagrams. An activity or a function usually takes some extended time to execute. Events: In the EPC an event is a passive element that triggers a function and is a result of another function. The events can also show the change of status of an object over the process chain. There is no correspondence of events in activity diagrams, even though the activity diagrams are based on state diagram, but the states are mostly activity states, while an event is not an activity. Nevertheless if we take a look at the example of EPC some of the events, especially those that are the direct results of a function, are redundant. For example in the figure 4.2 the result of the function à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½capture requirementà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½requirement capturedà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ which means that the resulting event is just to show that when the function finishes control will pass to the event which in turn triggers the next function. However in activity diagram this intermediate result is not explicitly declared. This is because the transition in activity diagrams means that as soon as an activity state finishes it does not have to wait but instead it will trigger the next activity. Control flow and Transitions: Control flow in the EPC corresponds to the transitions in UML Activity Diagram. Control flow is used in a process-oriented approach to show the process chain over time from one event that triggers a business function that in turn results in another event. Activity diagrams are based on state diagrams in which transitions are defined; transitions show the change of states over time. Control flow and transitions are instantaneous; they are assumed not to take so much time. However in the EPC, between two functions there can be some time for the control/token to be kept in an event. Logical connectors: Logical connectors allow the splitting of control flow in the EPC and transitions in activity diagrams. For the splitting regarding to taking a decision between different alternative paths, both diagrams have a similar construct, which is known as branch/merge. The branching and merging of control flows in the EPC is represented using the logical à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½XORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector plus the events following it. The same mechanism in activity diagrams is implemented using the decision diamond symbol and transition labels. Both diagrams also support the notation of parallelism known as fork/join. The forking and joining in the EPC is shown using the logical à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ANDà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector while in activity diagrams it is shown using the synchronization bar. Actually a synchronization bar corresponds to an à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ANDà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector together with the events before it, because a synchronization bar waits for all transitions to arrive. The main difference between EPC an d activity diagrams in the case of logical connectors is that EPC supports à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½inclusive orà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector while there is no notation in activity diagrams to denote the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector. Organization units and Swim lanes: An organization unit in the EPC is attached to a function its responsibility for the respective business task. In the activity diagrams this is accomplished by arranging the activities that belong to the same department in a company or activities being done by the same actor in a use case into swim lanes. Iteration Activity diagrams support the notation for iteration which is not available in the EPC. The comparisons between EPC and activity diagrams are summarized in the following table: EPC UML Context Process-oriented modelling Object-oriented modelling (business oriented) (IT oriented) Exactness/Ambiguity à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Event from the sideà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, deadlocks, loops, logical connector semantics Notation/Terminology Active Element Function Activity/Action state Passive Element Event Process chain Control flow Transition Logical connectors Branch/Merge à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½XORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector Decision diamond Fork/Join à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ANDà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector Synchronization bar à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Inclusive orà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector Actor Organization unit Swimlane Iteration à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½*à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (multiplicity sign) Summary of comparison between EPC and UML Translation between EPC and UML Diagram In translating from EPC to activity diagram and the other way around, we will use the results from the comparison between EPC and UML Activity Diagram as already discussed before. To translate from an EPC diagram to an activity diagram, the following guidelines can be used. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Determine the organization units involved in the process chain together with the functions that each of the organization is responsible for. Align the Organization units into separate swim lanes in an activity diagram. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Transform each function into activity/action states in the activity diagram and put it in the swim lane of the organization unit being responsible for it. If the function is a complex hierarchical function (which is also called a process), the refined EPC for that specific function can be either drawn as a complex activity state (meaning that inside the activity state we must specify some actions performed in the activity as well as entry and exit actions) or it would be better to draw the function in a separate activity diagram. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Transform the corresponding logical connectors from the EPC into the corresponding elements in the activity diagram. The branches and merges represented by à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½XORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connectors are transformed into decision diamonds and the forks and joins represented by à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ANDà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connectors are transformed into synchronization bars. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Connect the activities and decision diamonds or synchronization bars according to the control flow in the EPC. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Add the start event(s) and end event(s). It is possible to have multiple start events and end events. This can be considered as multiple start events in the EPC or can also be considered as several scenarios in one diagram. However, there are some problems with regard to the translation from an EPC to an activity diagram: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ As can be seen from the comparison, not all logical connectors for splitting and joining the control can be modelled in a straightforward way. The main problem is with the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector; there is no corresponding element in activity diagram to represent this logical connector. One solution is to express this à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connection in terms of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½XORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ANDà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connectors. To show this, we know from the logic theory that for two variables x and y, the following equation applies: Using this equation we can translate two alternate paths taken based on an opening and a closing à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connectors into the following diagram: OR F1 F2 F1 F2 F1 F2 OR The branch/fork solution for the elementary or-connector However if the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector connects more than two alternative paths the resulting translation in the activity diagram would be very complicated. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The organizational responsibility for activities is expressed in activity diagrams using swim lanes. However, swim lanes are not sufficient for modelling advanced and precise organizational relationships. These are important for example for the definition of workflows when support through workflow management systems is intended. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Another problem with respect to translation from EPC to activity diagram is related to the loss of important information contained in events and information/resource objects. Some of the events are related to the change of state of an information/resource object. We can show this change of objectà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s state as an object with the object flow in an activity diagram, but if there are many information/resource objects in an EPC, they would make the diagram very hard to read. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The definition of activity diagrams as state machines is quite problematic for applying activity diagrams according to the UML definition for business process modelling because actually not all business functions can be regarded as internal action states, e.g. interaction with outside business units. A reverse procedure can also be applied to transl

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